ANA was positive in 27 (93

ANA was positive in 27 (93.1%) patients (mean: 2.96 1.78). protein, serum double-stranded DNA, serum antinuclear antibody, and serum complement C3 were 4.98 2.91 g, 137.7 91.93 IU/mL, BMN-673 8R,9S 2.96 1.78, and 65.07 36.30 mg/dL, respectively. On histology, the most common class of LN was Class IV (34.48%) followed by Class V (20.68%), combined Class IV + V (20.68%), Classes II, III, and III + V. == Conclusion: == LN can affect males, although the prevalence is lower than in females. The incidence of LN in our study was 12.7% with the most common histological class being diffuse proliferative LN. Keywords:Diffuse proliferative,hypocomplementemia,lupus nephritis,males == Introduction == Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, often called a woman’s disease because of the high prevalence of SLE in females.[1,2] SLE can involve any organ, and when it affects the kidneys, it is known as lupus nephritis (LN). LN can manifest with minimal renal involvement in the form of mild proteinuria to severe end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Nearly 5% to 22% of these patients progress to ESRD.[3,4] SLE is common during childbearing age in females, and males are usually affected in their adolescence.[5,6] The main etiological factors considered are sex hormones and immunological factors. The criteria laid down by the American College of Rheumatology for SLE are used worldwide for diagnosis and disease activity.[7,8] Renal biopsy is still the gold standard for diagnosis, and prognosis of LN and biopsy findings are reported according to the classification system by the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) and the Renal Pathology Society (RPS).[9] In this study, we analyzed the clinical, laboratory, and biopsy findings in male patients with LN. == Materials and Methods == This was an Institutional Review Boardapproved, single-center, retrospective study of indicated renal biopsies performed on male patients with SLE between January 2014 and December 2018. The patient demography included age, sex, and clinical features. The laboratory parameters analyzed were 24 hours urinary protein (g), serum creatinine (SCr; mg/dL), serum anti-double-stranded deoxynucleotide antibody (anti-dsDNA; IU/mL), serum antinuclear antibody (S.ANA), and serum complement C3 (S.C3; mg/dL). Anti-dsDNA antibodies (titer <25 IU/mL: negative) were determined CDH5 by immunometric enzyme immunoassay (AutoBind, BMN-673 8R,9S Tosoh India Pvt. Ltd.), S. ANA (<1: BMN-673 8R,9S negative; >1: positive) by immunometric enzyme immunoassay (AutoBind, Tosoh India Pvt. Ltd), and S.C3 (normal range: 90207 mg/dL) by quantitative, turbidimetric assay (Siemens, Germany). For light microscopy, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 3 to 4 4 m thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acidSchiff, Jones’s methenamine silver, and Gomori’s trichrome stains. Immunofluorescence (IF) study was performed on 4 to 5 m thick frozen sections cut on cryostat and stained with antihuman IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C1q, and fibrinogen (polyclonal antihuman rabbit antisera; conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate, supplied by Dako, USA). The biopsies were studied for changes in the glomerulus, blood vessels, and tubulointerstitial compartment and were reported according to the histological classification as per the ISN/RPS 2003 classification of LN. The activity and chronicity scoring of LN was also calculated as per the ISN/RPS 2003 classification.[9] Five pathologists BMN-673 8R,9S independently reported, and the consensus diagnosis generated was finally reported. == Results == Of the 228 biopsy-proven LN patients, 29 (12.72%) were males (study group) and 199 (87.2%) were females (male: female = 1:14.5). The mean age at presentation was 28.3 12.98 years. All patients (100%) had nephroticnephritic presentation. Other demographic details are shown inTable 1. Hematological investigation revealed anemia (100%) and thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia (3.45%). The.